Period+8+1945-1980

=Period 8 1945-1980=

Cold War Power point

♢ __ MacArthur: __ Douglas MacArthur (1880-1964) was a controversial military figure. To many, he was out spoken and egotistical. However, he was a talented general. He graduated from the US Military Academy at West Point in 1903. He later became the main Allied commander during the Korean War. In the beginning he came up with brilliant strategic plans to save South Korea from falling into communist control. As the war waged on, he began to argue with Truman on the best way to go about the war. The arguments between Truman and him would lead to his ultimate firing. Truman replaced him with General Matthew Ridgeway in April 1951. ~Hannah Stott __** •HUAC/The 2nd Red Scare/Joe McCarthy: **__ Senator Joe McCarthy spent years trying to expose communist that were said to be corroding the government (McCarthyism). With everyone on alert because of the Cold War and the super suspicious ways that people were thinking during this time, people thought the government had communist spies in it. This is what the Red Scare was, it was basically a time where everyone thought communists were infiltrating their government and homeland. The House Un-American Activities Committee was an organization that invesigated to find communists during the 40s and 50s. By the way, if you were investigated and they asked you who was behind the communist infiltration, you could say someone else's name and they would let you go and bring in the person you named. If you were found to be a communist, you would be blacklisted, lose you job, and/or lose your house. ~Lauren Wandzilak Dulles: Massive Retaliation: In a speech at a Council on Foreign Relations dinner in his honor, Secretary of State John Foster Dulles announces that the United States will protect its allies through the “deterrent of massive retaliatory power.” Dulles began his speech by examining communist strategy that, he concluded, had as its goal the “bankruptcy” of the United States through overextension of its military power. Although Dulles did not directly refer to nuclear weapons, it was clear that the new policy he was describing would depend upon the “massive retaliatory power” of such weapons to respond to future communist acts of war. The speech was a reflection of two beliefs. First was the belief that America’s foreign policy toward the communist threat had been timidly reactive during the preceding Democratic administration of President Harry S. Truman. Second was President Eisenhower’s belief that military and foreign assistance spending had to be controlled. A stronger reliance on nuclear weapons as the backbone of America’s defense answered both concerns–atomic weapons were far more effective in terms of threatening potential adversaries, and they were also much less expensive than the costs associated with a large standing army. ~Stef

•H-Bomb This bomb unlike its counterpart the atomic bomb which only uses Nuclear Fission to release energy at an output around 20,000 tons of TnT. The Hydrogen bomb uses Fission and Fusion To create the Hydrogen or Thermonuclear bomb. this Bomb has the output of approximately 10 million tons of TnT __**•Dien Bien Phu:**__ The Battle of Dien Bien Phu was the decisive engagement in the first Indochina War (1946–54). After French forces occupied the Dien Bien Phu valley in late 1953, Viet Minh commander Vo Nguyen Giap amassed troops and placed heavy artillery in caves of the mountains overlooking the French camp. Boosted by Chinese aid, Giap mounted assaults on the opposition’s strong points beginning in March 1954, eliminating use of the French airfield. Viet Minh forces overran the base in early May, prompting the French government to seek an end to the fighting with the signing of the Geneva Accords of 1954. -Joseph M Berezwick •**__The Middle East: Egypt vs. Israel:__** Between 1954 and 1955, Egypt had been demanding the English remove their presence from the Suez Canal area, but they never did. The conflict began when Israel invaded Egypt, pushing towards the Suez Canal. French and English forces soon joined Israel in the war effort and helped carry out attacks on Egypt. The Soviet Union joined sides with the Egyptians and they made the first move of an attack. Immediately after the English and Isralies and Fench made no immediate counterattack. The United Nations immediately called for a cease fire. To avoid getting involved in an U.S. vs. Russian war, both sides pleaded with their respective allies to pull forces from the canal area before they had to become involved. __** The Suez Canal; Lebanon: **__ It started in the summer of 1958 and ended in October of the same year. The civil war in Lebanon was started because of the hatred of Muslims towards Christians. Adding to the fire was the face their leader was pro-Western, meaning he was Muslim. The country was asked to join the United Arab Republic, but the two religions had two opposing views on doing so. The president of Lebanon claimed Russia would attack the United States if they did not help them, but Eisenhower didn't believe them. The U.S. ended up being involved to keep the current president in power so the nation did not become communistic. The problems continued and the forces were not enough to save the country. Their civil war ended with their country being completely destroys by themselves at the end of the war. It was basically Muslim communists vs. Christians in favor of democracy. -Andrew J. Castagna •//**The CIA in Iran, Cuba, Hungary,**// //** Guatemala **// //** In 1953, the CIA orchestrated and helped execute the overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in Iran to help the access of middle eastern oil to the United States. In Cuba, information was collected that would later lead to the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Bay of Pigs Invasion in the 60s. For most of the 1950s, one CIA agent was present in Hungary, providing intelligence, but was not able to obtain the information of the Hungarian Revolution which surprisingly started in 1956. In the early 1950s, attempted overthrows of the Guatemalan were organized by the CIA in order to protect US influence in the region and to have a new, American backed leader. **// //** __•Khrushchev__ **//  Nikita Khruschev was a Soviet politician who emerged victorious in the power struggle succeeding Stalin's death. He served as First Secretary from 1953 to 1964 while also serving as Premier from 1958 to 1964. He was a strong advocate of de-Stalinization, pushed for the Russian space program when it was in its infant days, and supported several liberal reforms to take effect domestically. Soviet society became less repressive, but he could still be an authoritarian if he wished. His rule was during the height of the Cold War, including the Cuban Missile Crisis, revolts in Hungary, and construction of the Berlin Wall. Between issues with China and food shortages, the people grew discontent with Kruschchev, making high-ranking government officials forcing him to resign as Premier and head of the Communist Party in 1964. He would quietly live out the rest of his life until his heart attack in 1971. - Stephen Oravec •Sputnik The U-2 Incident • Flexible response: Flexible response was a defensive strategy which replaced Dwight Eisenhower's Massive Retaliation. The plan was implemented by John F. Kennedy and caused the US to be capable of responding to aggression - particularly from the Soviet Union - using means other than nuclear weapons. - Bree Sturgis    • Berlin in the 60's: Soviet Premier Khrushchev demanded that the Western powers move out of Berlin. However, the countries remained in Berlin, and as a result, the Berlin Wall was built by the Soviet Union. The wall separated the western, democratic parts of the city from the eastern, communist side. Because West Berlin was surrounded by communism (as it was located in the midst of Soviet territory), the Western powers found that protecting the democratic parts of Berlin was a challenge. Several meetings were held between the United States and Russia for negotiation, but an agreement was never met. Though both countries remained in Berlin, invasions never occurred. The wall remained until 1989. - Bree Sturgis    • Southeast Asia     • CUBA-  __**The Bay of Pigs**__: The Bay of Pigs Invasion, known in Latin America as Invasión de Playa Girón (or Invasión de Bahía de Cochinos or Batalla de Girón ), was a failed military invasion of // Cu //// ba // undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961. A counter-revolutionary military, trained and funded by the United States government's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Brigade 2506 fronted the armed wing of the Democratic Revolutionary Front (DRF) and intended to overthrow the increasingly communist government of Fidel Castro. Launched from Guatemala, the invading force was defeated within three days by the Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces , under the direct command of Prime Minister Fidel Castro. __**Castro:**__ Cuban leader Fidel Castro (1926-) established the first communist state in the Western Hemisphere after leading an overthrow of the military dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in 1959. He ruled over Cuba for nearly five decades, until handing off power to his younger brother Raúl in 2008. During that time, Castro’s regime was successful in reducing illiteracy, stamping out racism and improving public health care, but was widely criticized for stifling economic and political freedoms  __**The Cuban Missile Crisis:**__ During the Cuban Missile Crisis, leaders of the U.S. and the Soviet Union engaged in a tense, 13-day political and military standoff in October 1962 over the installation of nuclear-armed Soviet missiles on Cuba, just 90 miles from U.S. shores. In a TV address on October 22, 1962, President John Kennedy (1917-63) notified Americans about the presence of the missiles, explained his decision to enact a naval blockade around Cuba and made it clear the U.S. was prepared to use military force if necessary to neutralize this perceived threat to national security. Following this news, many people feared the world was on the brink of nuclear war. However, disaster was avoided when the U.S. agreed to Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev’s (1894-1971) offer to remove the Cuban missiles in exchange for the U.S. promising not to invade Cuba. Kennedy also secretly agreed to remove U.S. missiles from Turkey. Maddie

• __ The Space Race: __ The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, **the ** Soviet Union (USSR) and **the ** United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin , on April 12, 1961. The race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations.

Kassie